Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwanakwa kakhulu i-graphene ye-supermaterial. Kodwa yini i-graphene? Ake ucabange ngento enamandla ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-200 kunensimbi, kodwa ilula izikhathi eziyikhulu kunephepha.
Ngo-2004, ososayensi ababili baseYunivesithi yaseManchester, u-Andrei Geim noKonstantin Novoselov, "badlala" nge-graphite. Yebo, into efanayo uthola esihlokweni sepensela. Babenelukuluku lokwazi ngale nto futhi befuna ukwazi ukuthi ingasuswa yini isendlalelo esisodwa. Ngakho-ke bathola ithuluzi elingajwayelekile: itheyiphu yokudonsa.
"Ubeka [itheyiphu] phezu kwegraphite noma i-mica bese ukhumula ungqimba olungaphezulu," uHeim echazela i-BBC. Ama-graphite ama-flakes andiza esuka ku-tape. Bese ugoqa itheyiphu phakathi bese uyinamathisela eshidini eliphezulu, bese uwahlukanisa futhi. Bese uphinda le nqubo izikhathi ezingu-10 noma ezingu-20.
“Ngaso sonke isikhathi ama-flakes ehla abe ama-flakes amancane futhi abe mncane. Ekugcineni, ama-flakes amancane kakhulu ahlala ebhande. Niyincibilikise iteyipu futhi yonke into iyancibilika.”
Ngokumangalisayo, indlela yamakhasethi yenza izimanga. Lokhu kuhlola okuthakazelisayo kuholele ekutholweni kwama-graphene flakes anongqimba olulodwa.
Ngo-2010, u-Heim noNovoselov bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ku-Physics ngokuthola kwabo i-graphene, into eyakhiwe ama-athomu e-carbon ahlelwe nge-lattice ene-hexagonal, efana nocingo lwenkukhu.
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ukuthi i-graphene imangalisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwayo. Ungqimba olulodwa lwe-graphene ehlanzekile luvela njengongqimba lwama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlelwe ngesakhiwo se-lattice esinezinhlangothi ezine. Lesi sakhiwo sezinyosi esisezingeni le-athomu sinikeza i-graphene amandla ayo amangalisayo.
I-graphene nayo iyinkanyezi kagesi. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, iqhuba ugesi kangcono kunanoma iyiphi enye into.
Uyawakhumbula lawo maathomu ekhabhoni esixoxe ngawo? Nokho, ngayinye ine-electron eyengeziwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-pi electron. Le electron ihamba ngokukhululeka, ivumela ukuthi iqhube ukuqhutshwa kwezingqimba eziningi ze-graphene ezinokumelana okuncane.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-graphene e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) luthole okuthile okucishe kube ngumlingo: lapho uthi kancane (amadigri angu-1.1 nje) uzungezisa izendlalelo ezimbili zegraphene ukuze zingahambi ngendlela, igraphene iba i-superconductor.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingaqhuba ugesi ngaphandle kokumelana noma ukushisa, ivule amathuba ajabulisayo e-superconductivity yesikhathi esizayo ekamelweni lokushisa.
Okunye okulindelwe kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-graphene kumabhethri. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu, singakwazi ukukhiqiza amabhethri e-graphene ashaja ngokushesha futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kunamabhethri esimanje e-lithium-ion.
Ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Samsung neHuawei seziyithathile le ndlela, zihlose ukwethula le ntuthuko kumagajethi ethu ansuku zonke.
"Ngo-2024, silindele ukuthi uhla lwemikhiqizo ye-graphene ibe semakethe," kusho u-Andrea Ferrari, umqondisi we-Cambridge Graphene Centre kanye nomcwaningi we-Graphene Flagship, isinyathelo esiqhutshwa yi-European Graphene. Le nkampani itshala ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 kumaphrojekthi ahlanganyelwe. amaphrojekthi. Umfelandawonye usheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-graphene.
Ozakwethu bocwaningo be-Flagship sebevele bakha amabhethri e-graphene ahlinzeka ngomthamo ongu-20% ngaphezulu namandla angu-15% ngaphezulu kunamabhethri angcono kakhulu anamuhla anamandla aphezulu. Amanye amaqembu akhe amangqamuzana elanga ane-graphene asebenza kahle ngamaphesenti angu-20 ekuguquleni ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi.
Yize kunemikhiqizo ethile yakuqala esebenzise amandla e-graphene, njengemishini yezemidlalo ye-Head, okungcono kakhulu kuseza. Njengoba uFerrari aphawula: “Sikhuluma nge-graphene, kodwa empeleni sikhuluma ngenani elikhulu lezinketho ezifundwayo. Izinto zihamba ngendlela.”
Lesi sihloko sibuyekeziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, kwahlolwa iqiniso, futhi kwahlelwa abahleli be-HowStuffWorks.
Umkhiqizi wemishini yezemidlalo iNhloko isebenzise le nto emangalisayo. Irakhethi yabo yethenisi ye-Graphene XT ithi ilula ngo-20% ngesisindo esifanayo. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe bezinguquko ngempela!
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-21-2023