Indlela ye-oxidation yamakhemikhali yindlela yendabuko yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo. Ngale ndlela, i-flake graphite yemvelo ixutshwe ne-ejenti efanelekayo ye-oxidant ne-intercalating, elawulwa ezingeni lokushisa elithile, ivuselelwa njalo, futhi igezwe, ihlungwe futhi yomiswe ukuthola i-graphite enwebekayo. Indlela ye-oxidation yamakhemikhali isiphenduke indlela evuthiwe embonini ngezinzuzo zemishini elula, ukusebenza okulula nezindleko eziphansi.
Izinyathelo zenqubo ye-oxidation yamakhemikhali zifaka phakathi i-oxidation kanye ne-intercalation. I-oxidation ye-graphite yisimo esiyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwe-graphite enwebekayo, ngoba ukuthi ukusabela kwe-intercalation kungaqhubeka ngokushelela kuncike ezingeni lokuvulwa phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite. Futhi i-graphite yemvelo ekamelweni Izinga lokushisa linokuzinza okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, ngakho-ke akuphenduli nge-asidi ne-alikhali, ngakho-ke, ukwengezwa kwe-oxidant sekuyinto edingekayo eyisihluthulelo ku-oxidation yamakhemikhali.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-oxidants, ama-oxidants asetshenziswa kakhulu angama-oxidants aqinile (njenge-potassium permanganate, i-potassium dichromate, i-chromium trioxide, i-potassium chlorate, njll.), Futhi angaba amanye ama-oxidants oketshezi (njenge-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, njll. ). Kutholakala eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuthi i-potassium permanganate iyona oxidant eyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo.
Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-oxidizer, i-graphite ifakwe i-oxidized kanti ama-macromolecule wenethiwekhi angathathi hlangothi kusendlalelo se-graphite aba ama-macromolecule weplanethi ngokushaja okuhle. Ngenxa yomphumela owenyanyekayo wenkokhiso efanayo enhle, ibanga phakathi kwezendlalelo ze-graphite liyakhula, okunikeza isiteshi nendawo yokungena ukuze kungene ungqimba lwe-graphite ngokushelela. Ngenqubo yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo, i-ejenti ehlukanisayo ikakhulukazi i-asidi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi basebenzisa kakhulu i-sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-acid exubile ne-glacial acetic acid.
Indlela ye-Electrochemical isesimweni samanje, nesixazululo samanzi sokufakwa njenge-electrolyte, i-graphite kanye nezinto zensimbi (izinto zensimbi engagqwali, ipuleti le-platinum, ipuleti lomthofu, ipuleti le-titanium, njll.) Zakha i-anode eyinhlanganisela, izinto zensimbi ezifakiwe i-electrolyte njenge-cathode, yakha i-loop evaliwe; Noma i-graphite emiswe ku-electrolyte, ku-electrolyte ngasikhathi sinye efakwe kupuleti elibi nelilungile, ngokusebenzisa ama-electrode amabili ayindlela enamandla, i-anodic oxidation. Ubuso be-graphite buhlanganiswe ne-carbocation. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphansi kwesenzo esihlanganisiwe sokuheha kwe-electrostatic kanye nokwehluka kokuhlushwa, i-asidi ion noma enye i-polar intercalant ion ifakiwe phakathi kwezendlalelo ze-graphite ukuze zenze i-graphite enwebekayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokwenza i-oxidation yamakhemikhali, indlela ye-electrochemical yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo kuyo yonke inqubo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-oxidant, inani lokwelashwa likhulu, inani eliyinsalela lezinto ezonakalisayo lincane, i-electrolyte ingavuselelwa kabusha ngemuva kokuphendula, inani le-asidi liyancipha, izindleko ziyagcinwa, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuncishisiwe, umonakalo wemishini uphansi, futhi nempilo yesevisi iyandiswa.Minyakeni yamuva nje, indlela yokusebenzisa amandla kagesi iye yaba yindlela ekhethwayo yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo amabhizinisi amaningi anezinzuzo eziningi.
Indlela yokusabalalisa igesi-isigaba ukukhiqiza i-graphite enwebekayo ngokuxhumana ne-intercalator ene-graphite ngendlela enegesi nokuphendula okungafani.Ngokuvamile, i-graphite kanye nokufakwa kubekwa kuzo zombili iziphetho zesiphenduli sengilazi esingashisi, futhi i-vacuum iyaqhutshwa futhi uphawu, ngakho-ke yaziwa nangokuthi indlela yamakamelo amabili.Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa i-halide -EG ne-alkali metal -EG embonini.
Izinzuzo: ukwakheka nokuhleleka kwesiphenduli kungalawulwa, futhi ama-reactants nemikhiqizo ingahlukaniswa kalula.
Okumbi: idivayisi yokuphendula inzima kakhulu, ukusebenza kunzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke okukhiphayo kunqunyelwe, futhi ukusabela okufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu, isikhathi side, futhi izimo zokuphendula ziphakeme kakhulu, imvelo yokulungiselela kumele vula, ngakho-ke izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphakeme kakhulu, azifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza ezinkulu.
Indlela ehlanganisiwe yesigaba samanzi ukuhlanganisa ngqo into efakiwe ne-graphite, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kokuhamba kwegesi engenayo noma uhlelo lokufaka uphawu lokushisa ukusabela ukulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo. Ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-alkali metal-graphite interlaminar compounds (GICs).
Izinzuzo: Inqubo yokusabela ilula, isivinini sokuphendula siyashesha, ngokushintsha isilinganiso sezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-graphite nokufakwa kungafinyelela isakhiwo esithile nokwakheka kwe-graphite enwebekayo, efaneleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni.
Okubi: Umkhiqizo owakhiwe awuzinzile, kunzima ukubhekana nento efakwe mahhala enamathiselwe ebusweni be-GICs, futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwamakhemikhali e-graphite interlamellar lapho inani elikhulu lokuhlanganiswa.
Indlela encibilikayo ukuxuba i-graphite nezinto ezihlanganayo nokushisa ukulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo.Kususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi izingxenye ze-eutectic zinganciphisa iphuzu lokuncibilika kohlelo (ngaphansi kwephuzu lokuncibilika kwengxenye ngayinye), kuyindlela yokulungiselela ama-GIC we-ternary noma ama-multicomponent ngokufaka izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu (okumele zikwazi ukwakha uhlelo lukasawoti olubunjiwe) phakathi kwezendlalelo ze-graphite ngasikhathi sinye.
Izinzuzo: Umkhiqizo we-synthesis unokuqina okuhle, kulula ukuwasha, idivayisi elula yokuphendula, ukushisa kokuphendula okuphansi, isikhathi esifushane, esifanele ukukhiqizwa okukhulu.
Okumbi: kunzima ukulawula ukwakheka kwe-oda nokwakheka komkhiqizo kunqubo yokuphendula, futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo se-oda nokwakheka komkhiqizo ngobuningi bokwenza.
Indlela enengcindezi ukuxuba i-graphite matrix nensimbi yensimbi ene-alkaline kanye nomgubo wensimbi ongajwayelekile bese usabela ekukhiqizeni i-M-GICS ngaphansi kwezimo ezinengcindezi.
Okubi: Kuphela lapho ingcindezi yomphunga yensimbi idlula umkhawulo othile, ukuphendula kokufaka kungenziwa; Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, kulula ukudala insimbi kanye ne-graphite ukwakha ama-carbides, ukusabela okungalungile, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa lokuphendula kufanele lilawulwe ebangeni elithile. le ndlela ifanele ukulungiswa kwensimbi-GICS enephuzu eliphansi lokuncibilika, kepha idivayisi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi izidingo zokusebenza zinzima, ngakho-ke ayisetshenziswa kakhulu manje.
Indlela yokuqhuma ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-graphite ne-ejenti yokwandisa efana ne-KClO4, Mg (ClO4) 2 · nH2O, Zn (NO3) 2 · nH2O pyropyros noma imixube elungiselelwe, uma isishisiwe, i-graphite izokhipha i-oxidation kanye ne-intercalation reaction cambium compound, okuyilapho kwandiswe ngendlela "yokuqhuma", ngaleyo ndlela kutholwe i-graphite.Lapho usawoti wensimbi usetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokwandisa, umkhiqizo uyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ongagcini nje ngokwandisa i-graphite, kodwa futhi nensimbi.
